NEET 2026 Syllabus
Official syllabus as per NMC Public Notice No. U-14023/19/NEET (UG Exam)/UGMEB dated 22-12-2025
National Medical Commission (NMC) has finalized the NEET (UG)-2026 syllabus. This page provides the complete syllabus for Physics, Chemistry, and Biology as per the official notification.
📘 Official Source: Syllabus is based on the Public Notice issued by the Under Graduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB), National Medical Commission. All NEET (UG)-2026 aspirants are advised to refer to this syllabus for their preparation.
PHYSICS 20 Units
UNIT 1: Physics and Measurement Fundamental
- Units of measurements, System of Units, SI Units
- Fundamental and derived units, least count, significant figures
- Errors in measurements, Dimensions of Physics quantities
- Dimensional analysis and its applications
UNIT 2: Kinematics Motion
- Frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position-time graph
- Speed and velocity, Uniform and non-uniform motion
- Average speed and instantaneous velocity
- Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph
- Relations for uniformly accelerated motion
- Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and subtraction
- Scalar and vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector
- Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion
UNIT 3: Laws of Motion Newton's Laws
- Force and inertia, Newton's First law of motion
- Momentum, Newton's Second Law of motion, Impulses
- Newton's Third Law of motion, Law of conservation of linear momentum
- Equilibrium of concurrent forces
- Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction
- Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications
- Vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road
UNIT 4: Work, Energy, and Power Mechanics
- Work done by a constant force and a variable force
- Kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power
- Potential energy of spring, conservation of mechanical energy
- Conservative and non-conservative forces
- Motion in a vertical circle
- Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions
UNIT 5: Rotational Motion Mechanics
- Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body
- Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force; torque
- Angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications
- Moment of inertia, radius of gyration
- Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects
- Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
- Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion
- Comparison of linear and rotational motions
UNIT 6: Gravitation Astrophysics
- Universal law of gravitation
- Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
- Kepler's law of planetary motion
- Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential
- Escape velocity, Motion of a satellite
- Orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite
UNIT 7: Properties of Solids and Liquids Matter
- Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law
- Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity
- Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications
- Effect of gravity on fluid pressure
- Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity
- Streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity
- Bernoulli's principle and its applications
- Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact
- Excess of pressure across a curved surface
- Application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise
- Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry
- Change of state, latent heat
- Heat transfer- conduction, convection, and radiation
UNIT 8: Thermodynamics Heat
- Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics
- Concept of temperature, Heat, work, and internal energy
- First law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes
- Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes
UNIT 9: Kinetic Theory of Gases Gas Laws
- Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas
- Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure
- Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules
- Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy
- Applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path
- Avogadro's number
UNIT 10: Oscillations and Waves Waves
- Oscillations and periodic motion - time period, frequency
- Displacement as a function of time, Periodic functions
- Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase
- Oscillations of a spring - restoring force and force constant
- Energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies
- Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period
- Wave motion, Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of travelling wave
- Displacement relation for a progressive wave
- Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves
- Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics
- Beats
UNIT 11: Electrostatics Electricity
- Electric charges: Conservation of charge
- Coulomb's law forces between two point charges
- Forces between multiple charges: superposition principle
- Continuous charge distribution
- Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines
- Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole
- Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
- Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications
- Field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire
- Uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- Uniformly charged thin spherical shell
- Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole
- Potential difference, Equipotential surfaces
- Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges
- Electric dipole in an electrostatic field
- Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization
- Capacitors and capacitances, combination of capacitors in series and parallel
- Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium
- Energy stored in a capacitor
UNIT 12: Current Electricity Electricity
- Electric current, Drift velocity, mobility and their relation
- Ohm's law, Electrical resistance
- V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
- Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity and conductivity
- Series and parallel combinations of resistors
- Temperature dependence of resistance
- Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell
- Combination of cells in series and parallel
- Kirchhoff's laws and their applications
- Wheatstone bridge, Metre Bridge
UNIT 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism Magnetism
- Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
- Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire
- Solenoid, Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
- Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
- Force between two parallel currents carrying conductors
- Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
- Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
- Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
- Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines
- Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular
- Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field
- Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples
- Effect of temperature on magnetic properties
UNIT 14: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents EMI
- Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law
- Induced emf and current: Lenz's Law, Eddy currents
- Self and mutual inductance
- Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage
- Reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance
- Power in AC circuits, wattless current
- AC generator and transformer
UNIT 15: Electromagnetic Waves Waves
- Displacement current
- Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
- Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
- Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays)
- Applications of electromagnetic waves
UNIT 16: Optics Light
- Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula
- Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces
- Thin lens formula and lens maker formula
- Total internal reflection and its applications
- Magnification, Power of a Lens
- Combination of thin lenses in contact
- Refraction of light through a prism
- Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting)
- Magnifying powers
- Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle
- Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle
- Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width
- Coherent sources, and sustained interference of light
- Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
- Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster's law
- Uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid
UNIT 17: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Modern Physics
- Dual nature of radiation
- Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations
- Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light
- Matter waves- wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation
UNIT 18: Atoms and Nuclei Modern Physics
- Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom
- Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum
- Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses
- Mass-energy relation, mass defect
- Binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
- Nuclear fission, and fusion
UNIT 19: Electronic Devices Electronics
- Semiconductors; semiconductor diode
- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
- Diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED
- Photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode
- Zener diode as a voltage regulator
- Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
UNIT 20: Experimental Skills Practical
- Vernier calipers - internal and external diameter and depth
- Screw gauge - thickness/diameter of thin sheet/wire
- Simple Pendulum - dissipation of energy
- Metre Scale - mass of a given object by principle of moments
- Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire
- Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents
- Coefficient of Viscosity by measuring terminal velocity
- Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube
- Specific heat capacity of (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures
- Resistivity of the material using a metre bridge
- Resistance using Ohm's law
- Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method
- Focal length of Convex mirror, Concave mirror, Convex lens using parallax method
- Plot of angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism
- Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope
- Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias
- Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage
- Identification of Diode, LED, Resistor, Capacitor from a mixed collection
CHEMISTRY 20 Units
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1: Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry Fundamental
- Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory
- Concept of atom, molecule, element, and compound
- Laws of chemical combination
- Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass
- Percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae
- Chemical equations and stoichiometry
UNIT 2: Atomic Structure Quantum
- Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect
- Spectrum of the hydrogen atom
- Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - postulates, derivation
- Limitations of Bohr's model
- Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship
- Heisenberg uncertainty principle
- Quantum mechanical model of the atom
- Concept of atomic orbitals, Variation of Ψ and Ψ²
- Quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, magnetic)
- Shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin
- Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle, Hund's rule
- Electronic configuration of elements
UNIT 3: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Bonding
- Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation
- Ionic and covalent bonds, Formation of ionic bonds
- Calculation of lattice enthalpy
- Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment
- VSEPR theory and shapes of simple molecules
- Valence bond theory, hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals
- Resonance, Molecular Orbital Theory
- LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding)
- Sigma and pi-bonds, bond order, bond length, bond energy
- Metallic bonding, Hydrogen bonding and its applications
UNIT 4: Chemical Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
- System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties
- State functions, types of processes
- First law of thermodynamics - work, heat, internal energy, enthalpy
- Heat capacity, molar heat capacity
- Hess's law of constant heat summation
- Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation
- Enthalpies of atomization, sublimation, phase transition
- Hydration, ionization, and solution
- Second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes
- ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity
- ΔG° (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant
UNIT 5: Solutions Solutions
- Methods for expressing concentration - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage
- Vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law
- Ideal and non-ideal solutions
- Colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure
- Depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point
- Osmotic pressure, Determination of molecular mass
- Abnormal value of molar mass, van't Hoff factor
UNIT 6: Equilibrium Equilibrium
- Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium
- Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas
- Henry's law, Law of chemical equilibrium
- Equilibrium constants Kp and Kc, significance of ΔG
- Factors affecting equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle
- Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes
- Concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis)
- Acid-base equilibria, ionization constants
- Ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect
- Hydrolysis of salts, solubility product, buffer solutions
UNIT 7: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry Electrochemistry
- Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction
- Redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions
- Electrolytic and metallic conduction
- Molar conductivities and their variation with concentration
- Kohlrausch's law and its applications
- Electrolytic and Galvanic cells
- Electrode potentials, standard electrode potential
- Nernst equation and its applications
- Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change
- Dry cell, lead accumulator, Fuel cells
UNIT 8: Chemical Kinetics Kinetics
- Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting rate
- Elementary and complex reactions
- Order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant
- Zero and first-order reactions, half-lives
- Effect of temperature on rate, Arrhenius theory
- Activation energy and its calculation
- Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 9: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Periodic Table
- Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table
- s, p, d and f block elements
- Periodic trends - atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy
- Electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states
- Chemical reactivity
UNIT 10: p-Block Elements p-Block
- Group-13 to Group 18 Elements
- Electronic configuration and general trends
- Physical and chemical properties across periods and down groups
- Unique behaviour of the first element in each group
UNIT 11: d- and f-Block Elements d/f-Block
- Transition Elements - General introduction
- Electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics
- Trends in properties - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states
- Atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties
- Complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
- Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4
- Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, lanthanoid contraction
- Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states
UNIT 12: Co-ordination Compounds Coordination
- Introduction to coordination compounds
- Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation
- IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
- Isomerism, Valence bond approach, Crystal field theory
- Colour and magnetic properties
- Importance of coordination compounds
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds Purification
- Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation
- Differential extraction, chromatography
- Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, halogens
- Quantitative analysis - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens
- Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae
UNIT 14: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry Fundamentals
- Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization
- Classification based on functional groups
- Homologous series; Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism
- Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
- Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic
- Free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions
- Electrophiles and nucleophiles
- Electronic displacement - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, hyperconjugation
- Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement
UNIT 15: Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons
- Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature
- Alkanes - Conformations, Sawhorse and Newman projections
- Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
- Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism
- Mechanism of electrophilic addition
- Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's rule)
- Peroxide effect, Ozonolysis and polymerization
- Alkynes - Acidic character
- Aromatic hydrocarbons - Benzene, structure and aromaticity
- Mechanism of electrophilic substitution - halogenation, nitration
- Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation
- Directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted benzene
UNIT 16: Organic Compounds Containing Halogens Halogen
- General methods of preparation, properties, reactions
- Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions
- Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons, and DDT
UNIT 17: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen Oxygen
- Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, tertiary
- Mechanism of dehydration
- Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions
- Halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, Reimer-Tiemann reaction
- Ethers: Structure
- Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group
- Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3)
- Grignard reagent; Oxidation; Reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen)
- Acidity of α-hydrogen, aldol condensation
- Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction
- Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones
- Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it
UNIT 18: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Nitrogen
- Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure
- Basic character, identification of primary, secondary, tertiary
- Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry
UNIT 19: Biomolecules Biochemistry
- Carbohydrates - Classification, aldoses and ketoses
- Monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
- Constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
- Proteins - α-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides
- Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
- Denaturation of proteins, enzymes
- Vitamins - Classification and functions
- Nucleic Acids - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA
- Biological functions of nucleic acids
- Hormones (General introduction)
UNIT 20: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry Practical
- Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens)
- Detection of functional groups - hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino
- Preparation of inorganic compounds: Mohr's salt, potash alum
- Preparation of organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform
- Titrimetric exercises - Acids, bases, oxalic acid vs KMnO4
- Qualitative salt analysis - Cations and Anions
- Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
- Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base
- Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols
- Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide
BIOLOGY 10 Units
UNIT 1: Diversity in Living World Diversity
- What is living?; Biodiversity; Need for classification
- Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy
- Binomial nomenclature
- Five kingdom classification; salient features of Monera, Protista, Fungi
- Lichens; Viruses and Viroids
- Salient features and classification of plants - Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms
- Salient features and classification of animals - nonchordate up to phyla level
- Chordate up to classes level
UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants Structure
- Morphology and modifications; Tissues
- Anatomy and functions of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf
- Inflorescence - cymose and racemose, flower, fruit and seed
- Families: Malvaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminocae, Compositae, Graminae
- Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems
- Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive systems of Frog
UNIT 3: Cell Structure and Function Cell
- Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell
- Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall
- Cell organelles - Endomembrane system, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles
- Mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies
- Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles
- Nucleus - nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus
- Biomolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
- Enzymes - types, properties, enzyme action, classification
- Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance
UNIT 4: Plant Physiology Plants
- Photosynthesis - Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis
- Pigments involved in photosynthesis; Photochemical and biosynthetic phases
- Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis
- Photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis
- Respiration - Exchange gases; Glycolysis, fermentation, TCA cycle
- Electron transport system; ATP generated; Amphibolic pathways
- Plant growth and development - Seed germination, phases of growth
- Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation
- Growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA
UNIT 5: Human Physiology Human Body
- Breathing and Respiration - Respiratory system in humans
- Mechanism of breathing and its regulation
- Exchange of gases, transport of gases
- Respiratory volumes; Disorders - Asthma, Emphysema
- Body fluids and circulation - Blood composition, blood groups
- Coagulation of blood; Lymph composition and function
- Human circulatory system - Heart, blood vessels, cardiac cycle
- ECG, Double circulation; Disorders - Hypertension, Coronary artery disease
- Excretory products and elimination - Modes of excretion
- Human excretory system, Urine formation, Osmoregulation
- Disorders - Uraemia, Renal failure, Nephritis
- Locomotion and Movement - Types of movement
- Skeletal muscle, contractile proteins, muscle contraction
- Joints; Disorders - Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Arthritis
- Neural control and coordination - Neuron and nerves
- Nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse
- Chemical coordination and regulation - Endocrine glands
- Hormones - Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads
- Mechanism of hormone action; Disorders - Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Diabetes
UNIT 6: Reproduction Reproduction
- Sexual reproduction in flowering plants - Flower structure
- Pollination - types, agencies, outbreeding devices
- Double fertilization; Development of endosperm and embryo
- Special modes - apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony
- Human Reproduction - Male and female reproductive systems
- Gametogenesis - spermatogenesis & oogenesis
- Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development
- Pregnancy and placenta formation; Parturition; Lactation
- Reproductive health - STD, Birth control methods
- Contraception, MTP, Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies
UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution Genetics
- Heredity and variation - Mendelian Inheritance
- Deviations from Mendelian - Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance
- Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy
- Chromosome theory of inheritance; Sex determination
- Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance - Haemophilia, Colour blindness
- Mendelian disorders in humans - Thalassemia
- Chromosomal disorders - Down's syndrome, Turner's, Klinefelter's
- Molecular basis of Inheritance - DNA as genetic material
- Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA replication; Central dogma
- Transcription, genetic code, translation
- Gene expression and regulation - Lac Operon
- DNA finger printing; Evolution - Origin of life
- Darwin's contribution, Modern Synthetic theory
- Mechanism of evolution - Variation, Natural Selection
- Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg's principle
- Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution
UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare Welfare
- Health and Disease - Pathogens causing human diseases
- Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold
- Amoebiasis, ring worm, dengue, chikungunya
- Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines
- Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse
- Microbes in human welfare - food processing, industrial production
- Sewage treatment, energy generation, biocontrol agents, biofertilizers
UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications Biotech
- Principles and process of Biotechnology - Genetic engineering
- Recombinant DNA technology
- Application in health - Human insulin and vaccine production
- Gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms - Bt crops
- Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues - Biopiracy and patents
UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment Ecology
- Organisms and environment - Population interactions
- Mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism
- Population attributes - growth, birth rate, death rate
- Ecosystem - Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition
- Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
- Biodiversity and its conservation - Concept of Biodiversity
- Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity
- Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation
- Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book
- Biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves